CONTENTS

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgements

Introduction to the book

1.         INTRODUCTION

            1.1    Lymphatic Filariasis – Concept and Prevalence

            1.2    Historical Background

            1.3    Epidemiology

                1.3.1 Global distribution

                1.3.2 Filariasis problem in India

            1.4    Aetiopathogenesis                               

                1.4.1 The parasite

                1.4.2 Life cycle

                1.4.3 Structure and function of human lymphatic system

                1.4.4 Pathogenesis

            1.5    Symptomatology

                1.5.1 According to Modern medicine

                     1.5.1.1 Endemic normal

                     1.5.1.2 Asymptomatic microfilaraemia

                1.5.2 Acute manifestations

                     1.5.2.1 Acute filarial lymphangitis

                     1.5.2.1 Endemic normal

                     1.5.2.2 Acute dermato-lymphangio-adenitis

                     1.5.2.3 Acute epididymo-orchitis and funiculitis

                1.5.3 Chronic manifestations

                     1.5.3.1 Lymphoedema and elephantiasis

                     1.5.3.2 Genito-urinary lesions

                     1.5.3.3 Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE)

            1.6    Diagnosis

                1.6.1 According to Modern medicine

                     1.6.1.1 Microfilaria detection tests

                     1.6.1.2 Ultrasonography

                     1.6.1.3 Lymphoscintigraphy

                     1.6.1.4 Tests for detection of circulating filarial antigens

                     1.6.1.5 Tests for detection of filarial antibodies

                     1.6.1.6 DNA probes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

                     1.6.1.7 Other tests

                1.6.2 According to Ayurveda

            1.7    General Principles of Treatment

                1.7.1 According to Modern medicine

                     1.7.1.1 Drugs effective against the filarial parasite

                     1.7.1.2 Treatment and prevention of acute ADLA attacks

                     1.7.1.3 Prevention and treatment of lymphoedema and elephantiasis

                         1.7.1.3.1 General considerations

                         1.7.1.3.2 Non operative lymphoedema therapy

                         1.7.1.3.3 Garment and bandage compression

                         1.7.1.3.4 Surgical procedures

                         1.7.1.3.5 Treatment assessment

                         1.7.1.3.6 Family and community support

                     1.7.1.4 Filariasis control in the community

                1.7.2 According to Ayurveda

                     1.7.2.1 General treatment/ management

                     1.7.2.2 Specific modes of treatment for the vata, pitta and kapha dominant types of slipada

                     1.7.2.3 Symptomatic treatment

                     1.7.2.4 Management of genital disorder manifestations

            1.8    Complications if Left Untreated

                1.8.1 According to Modern medicine

                1.8.2 According to Ayurveda

            1.9    Prognosis

                1.9.1 According to Modern medicine

                1.9.2 According to Ayurveda

            1.10    Present Status and Limitations

                1.10.1 According to Modern medicine

                1.10.2 According to Ayurveda

2.         MEDICINAL PLANTS AND FORMULATIONS USED IN LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS

            2.1    APlants and formulations used in Ayurveda

           2.2    Plants used in Unani System

            2.3    Plants and formulations used in Siddha System

3.         MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS AND INVESTIGATED WITH MODERN APPROACH   

            3.1    Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Boj.

                3.1.1 Other names

                3.1.2 Part used

                3.1.3 Botanical description and habitat

                3.1.4 Ayurvedic description and

                3.1.5 Traditional uses

                3.1.6 Chemical constituents

                3.1.7 Standardization and quality control

                3.1.8 Biological studies

                3.1.9 Clinical studies

                3.1.10 Classical Ayurvedic formulations containing A. nervosa

            3.2    Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.

                3.2.2 Part used

                3.2.3 Botanical description and habitat

               3.2.4 Ayurvedic description and properties

                3.2.6 Chemical constituents

                3.2.8 Classical Ayurvedic formulations containing B. monosperma

            3.3    Ricinus communis Linn.

                3.3.1 Other names

                3.3.2 Part used

                3.3.3 Botanical description and habitat

                3.3.4 Ayurvedic description and properties

                3.3.5 Traditional uses

                3.3.6 Chemical constituents

                3.3.7 Standardization and quality control

                3.3.8 Biological studies

                3.3.9 Toxicology/Safety aspects

                3.3.10 Classical Ayurvedic formulations containing R. communis

            3.4    Streblus asper Lour.

                3.4.1 Other names

                3.4.2 Part used

                3.4.3 Botanical description and habitat

                3.4.4 Ayurvedic description and properties

                3.4.5 Traditional uses

                3.4.6 Chemical constituents

                3.4.7 Standardization and quality control

                3.4.8 Biological studies

                3.4.9 Classical Ayurvedic formulations containing S. asper

4.         MEDICINAL PLANTS INVESTIGATED WITH MODERN APPROACH BUT NOT MENTIONED IN AYURVEDA FOR  LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS

            4.1    Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth

                4.1.1 Other names

                4.1.2 Part used

                4.1.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.1.4 Chemical constituents

                4.1.5 Biological studies

            4.2    Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Corr. Linn.

                4.2.1 Other names

                4.2.2 Part used

                4.2.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.2.4 Chemical constituents

                4.2.5 Biological studies

            4.3    Anacardium occidentale Linn.

                4.3.1 Other names

                4.3.2 Part used

                4.3.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.3.4 Chemical constituents

                4.3.5 Biological studies

            4.4    Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees

                4.4.1 Other names

                4.4.2 Part used

                4.4.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.4.4 Adulterants/ Substitutes

                4.4.5 Chemical constituents

                4.4.6 Standardization and quality control

                4.4.7 Biological studies

                4.4.8 Toxicology/Safety aspects

            4.5    Annona cherimola Mill.

                4.5.1 Other names

                4.5.2 Part used

                4.5.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.5.4 Chemical constituents

                4.5.5 Biological studies

            4.6 Annona muricata Linn.

                4.6.1 Other names

                4.6.2 Part used

                4.6.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.6.4 Chemical constituents

                4.6.5 Biological studies

            4.7  Asparagus adscendens Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.

                4.7.1 Other names

                4.7.2 Part used

                4.7.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.7.4 Adulterants/ Substitutes

                4.7.5 Chemical constituents

                4.7.6 Standardization and quality control

                4.7.7 Biological studies

            4.8 Bergenia stracheyi (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Engl.

                4.8.1 Other names

                4.8.2 Part used

                4.8.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.8.4 Chemical constituents

                4.8.5 Biological studies

            4.9 Caesalpinia bonduc (Linn.) Roxb. emend. Dandy & Exell.

                4.9.1 Other names

                4.9.2 Part used

                4.9.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.9.4 Chemical constituents

                4.9.5 Standardization and quality control

                4.9.6 Biological studies

            4.10 Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn.

                4.10.1 Other names

                4.10.2 Part used

                4.10.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.10.4 Chemical constituents

                4.10.5 Standardization and quality control

                4.10.6 Biological studies

                4.10.7 Toxicology/Safety aspects

            4.11 Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don

                4.11.1 Other names

                4.11.2 Part used

                4.11.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.11.4 Chemical constituents

                4.11.5 Standardization and quality control

                4.11.6 Biological studies

            4.12  Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban

                4.12.1 Other names

                4.12.2 Part used

                4.12.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.12.4 Adulterants/ Substitutes

                4.12.5 Chemical constituents

                4.12.6 Standardization and quality control

                4.12.7 Biological studies

                4.12.8 Toxicology/Safety aspects

            4.13  Centratherum anthelminticum (Linn.) Kuntze

                4.13.1 Other names

                4.13.2 Part used

                4.13.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.13.4 Chemical constituents

                4.13.5 Standardization and quality control

                4.13.6 Biological studies

            4.14  Derris indica (Lam.) Bennet

                4.14.1 Other names

                4.14.2 Part used

                4.14.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.14.4 Adulterants/ Substitutes

                4.14.5 Chemical constituents

                4.14.6 Standardization and quality control

                4.14.7 Biological studies

                4.14.8 Toxicology/Safety aspects

            4.15  Enicostema axillare (Lam.) Raynal

                4.15.1 Other names

                4.15.2 Part used

                4.15.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.15.4 Chemical constituents

                4.15.5 Standardization and quality control

                4.15.6 Biological studies

            4.16 Ficus racemosa Linn.

                4.16.1 Other names

                4.16.2 Part used

                4.16.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.16.4 Chemical constituents

                4.16.5 Biological studies

            4.17 Hemidesmus indicus (Linn.) R. Br.

                4.17.1 Other names

                4.17.2 Part used

                4.17.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.17.4 Adulterants/ Substitutes

                4.17.5 Chemical constituents

                4.17.6 Standardization and quality control

                4.17.7 Biological studies

            4.18 Lantana camara Linn. var. aculeata (Linn.) Moldenke

                4.18.1 Other names

                4.18.2 Part used

                4.18.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.18.4 Chemical constituents

                4.18.5 Biological studies

            4.19 Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng.

                4.19.1 Other names

                4.19.2 Part used

                4.19.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.19.4 Adulterants/ Substitutes

                4.19.5 Chemical constituents

                4.19.6 Standardization and quality control

                4.19.7 Biological studies

            4.20 Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg.

                4.20.1 Other names

                4.20.2 Part used

                4.20.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.20.4 Chemical constituents

                4.20.5 Biological studies

            4.21 Plumbago indica Linn.

                4.21.1 Other names

                4.21.2 Part used

                4.21.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.21.4 Adulterants/ Substitutes

                4.21.5 Chemical constituents

                4.21.6 Standardization and quality control

                4.21.7 Biological studies

                4.21.8 Toxicology/Safety aspects

            4.22  Psoralea corylifolia Linn.

                4.22.1 Other names

                4.22.2 Part used

                4.22.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.22.4 Chemical constituents

                4.22.5 Standardization and quality control

                4.22.6 Biological studies

            4.23 Tinospora crispa (Linn.) Hook. f. & Thoms.

                4.23.1 Other names

                4.23.2 Part used

                4.23.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.23.4 Chemical constituents

                4.23.5 Biological studies

            4.24  Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprague

                4.24.1 Other names

                4.24.2 Part used

                4.24.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.24.4 Chemical constituents

                4.24.5 Standardization and quality control

                4.24.6 Biological studies

            4.25 Vitex negundo Linn.

                4.25.1 Other names

                4.25.2 Part used

                4.25.3 Botanical description and habitat

                4.25.4 Chemical constituents

                4.25.5 Biological studies

5.         CLASSICAL DRUG FORMULATIONS USED IN LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS

6.         DISCUSSION AND FUTURE APPROACH

7.         SUMMARY

8.         BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDICES

Index I Botanical Names

Index II Chemical Constituents   

Index III Classical Ayurvedic Formulations

Index IV Classical Siddha Formulations

Index V Classical Unani Formulations

Index VI Other Names of Plants